BE 3rd Year Second Semester |
S. No. |
Course Code |
Course Name |
L |
T |
P |
Total |
Credits |
1 |
|
Elective I |
3 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
|
Elective II |
3 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
|
Elective III |
3 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
|
Open Elective I |
3 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
|
Open Elective II |
3 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
|
Total: |
15 |
0 |
10 |
25 |
20 |
Four weeks Industrial Training with no Credits
OR
Students who opt for Full Semester Industrial Training in lieu of 6th Semester
1 |
MT 397 |
Industrial Training |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
16 |
2 |
MT 398 |
Capstone Project I |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
4 |
|
Total: |
-- |
-- |
- |
-- |
20 |
Elective I, Elective II, Elective III, |
1 |
MT 304 |
Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Systems |
2 |
MT 305 |
Mechanical Working of Metals |
3 |
MT 306 |
Recent Advance in Extractive Mett |
4 |
MT 307 |
Materials Joining Technology |
5 |
MT 308 |
Foundry Technology |
6 |
MT 309 |
Ceramics |
7 |
MT 310 |
Composite Materials |
Open Elective I, Open Elective II |
1 |
MT 311 |
Metallurgy and Heat treatment |
2 |
MT 312 |
Failure Analysis |
3 |
MT 313 |
Total Quality Mangement |
Course Name : POWDER METALLURGY AND PARTICULATE SYSTEMS
Course Code : MT 304
Credits : 4
Design points : 2
L-T-P : 3 0 2
Pre. Req : -
RATIONALE:
One of vital and high technology solution for manufacturing tailor made components. The course aims at imparting valued fundamentals and inters cases in property development for critical and high significant applications.
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
Insiparation for Material Selection (28)
Introduction to P/M, Competitive analysis of various manufacturing process Basic differences of sintered and fused metal products., Metal and ceramics powder characteristics and production, Theoretical principles of compacting, Technology and Effects of varying methods of Pressing , Elastic and plastic deformation and its Kinetics, Theories of sintering and Activated sintering, liquid phase sintering , Sintering with or without pressure and Hot pressing principles. Preparation, handling and characterization of alloy and Post manufacturing treatments .
Powder metal products and their utilization (14)
Dense ferrous and non-ferrous products, Porous materials, electrical contacts, friction parts, hard metal, cermets and dispersion strengthened, magnetic materials, refractory metals and alloys and bearing .
BOOKS:
1. G.S. Upadhyaya: Powder Metallurgy Technology Cambridge
REFERENCES:
1. Treatise on Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 1& II., C.G. Goetzal, John Wiley & Sons
2. Fundamental Principles of Powder Metallurgy, W.D. Jones St. Marfin
3. Powder Metallurgy, Practice and Applications, Sands and Shakespeare, Newton 1966
4. Powder Metallurgy, F.Lenel
5. Powder Metallurgy Science, R.M. Germa
MT 304H POWDER METALLURGY AND PARTICULATE SYSTEMS
In addition to the contents of MT 304 the additional topics
Extra assignment, project work and self studt.
Testing-powder, compact characterization sintered p[roducts
Atomization
Electro production of powders
Latest development
Sol gel prcess, metal injection and molding
SAR
LAB EXPERSICE1. Characterize the given powder and report the physical properties of the powder.
2. Determine the compressibility and optimize the compacting pressure to achieve high densities, low densities for ferrous part.
3. Sinter the compacts pressed at the optimized compacting pressure and report the change in properties.
4. Sinter the alloy compact in the liquid phase and compare the properties with one sintered in solid phase.
5. Activate verify sinter the powder by chemical method i.e. using in impurity substrate or using process etc.
6. Activate sinter the powder by physical methods i.e. by magnetic stirring by the thermal cycling process etc.
7. Perform hot compacting of powders. Discuss the results.
8. Compare the sintering characteristics of mixed, alloyed and pre-alloyed powders.
9. Use varied atmospheres in sintering medium and compare the results.
Course Name : MECHANICAL WORKING OF METALS
Course Code : MT 305
Credits : 4
Design points : 2
L T P : 3 0 2
Pre Req. : TA 105, MT 205
RATIONALE:
The manufacturing route for any engineering application depends upon the behaviour of materials used for it. The course is to make the student understand the conventional and non-conventional metal working processes with more emphasis on the metallurgical variables and phenomena
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
Fundamentals of Metal Working: (10)
Classification of Forming processes, Mechanics of Metal working, Flow stress determination, Temperature in metal working, Strain rate effects, Metallurgical Structure, Friction and lubrication, Deformation Zone geometry, Workability, Residual Stresses, experimental Techniques for metal working processes, Computer aided Manufacturing
Forging: (4)
Classification of Forging, Forging equipments, Forging in plain strain, Open die and close die forging, Calculation of forging loads in closed die forging, Forging die materials, Forging defects, Powder metallurgy forging, residual stresses in forgings, The economics of forging, Problems
Rolling of metals: (6)
Classification of rolling processes, Rolling Mills and the materials used for rolls, hot rolling, cold rolling, rolling of bars and shapes, Forces and geometrical relationships in rolling, simplified relationships in rolling load, rolling variables, Problems and defects in rolled products, Selection of rolling mills and the sequence of rolling operations for a given rolled product, Problems
Extrusion: (6)
Classification of extrusion processes, Extrusion Equipment, die materials, Hot extrusion, Deformation, Lubrication, and defects in the extruded products, Analysis, Cold extrusion, Hydrostatic extrusion, Problems
Drawing of rods, wires and tubes: (4)
Rod and wire drawing, analysis of wire drawing, Tube drawing processes, analysis of tube drawing, Drawing equipments, Defects and Residual stresses in rod, wire and tubes
SHEET METAL FORMING: (6)
Forming methods, Shearing, Blanking, Bending, stretch forming, deep drawing, Rubber forming, Spinning, super plastic forming, Forming limit criteria, Defects in formed parts, Equipments used for sheet metal forming, Production of honey comb structures- Expansion, corrugation process, Dent resistance of sheet metal parts
Non Conventional forming operation: (6)
Explosive forming, Magnetic forming, Electric discharge forming, Super plastic forming for super plastic materials like Zn-22Al and Ti-6Al-4V alloys, combination of super plastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB), Die materials used for super plastic forming, Peen forming of thin sheet metals, Laser forming
BOOKS:
1. Dieter : Mechanical metallurgy, Mc Graw Hill
2. Kalpakjian and Schmid: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson education
LAB EXERCISE
Mechanical Working Of Metals
- Study of microstructure of cold worked materials
- Study of microstructures of hot worked materials (Ferrous & Non-ferrous). Compare with cold worked materials.
- Study of the effect of plastic deformations on the mechanical properties of materials.
- Study of the effect of cold working and recrystallisation temperatures on the recrystallized grain size of Aluminium samples.
5. To study the effect of recrystallisation annealing on the properties of a cold worked material.
Course Name : RECENT ADVANCES IN EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY Course Code : MT 306 Credits : 4
Design points : 2
L T P : 3 0 2
Pre Req. : MT 302
RATIONALE:
Extractive metallurgy has inherent dynamism. The course is designed to make student familiar with new technology in extractive metallurgy and the challenges pose to the conventional techniques
.
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
Present Scenario (4)
Production and quality aspects for different steels and their importance for Industrial Applications.
New Developments (6)
Modern pneumatic process viz L.D., Kaldo and Rotor process etc
Secondary processes of steel refining viz. Laddle furnace, AOD, VOD, DLU & ESR. Their construction aspects, principle of refining, charge estimation and typical applications in the production of alloy/special steels.
Injection Metallurgy: (4)
Physico-chemical principle involved in the injection of different compounds and synthetic slags. Applications & quality aspects.
Electric Arc Furnace (4)
Its design considerations and other important characteristics, Physico chemical aspects of the reactions in the recovery of alloying elements vix. Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Titanium and micro alloy additions.
Gas Metal Interaction: (7)
Mechanism of gas absorption via entertainment during teeming of molten metals. Solubility of oxygen in liquid metals – its estimation, form EMF measurements involving solid electrolytes.
Degassing Process:
(5)
Vacuum, Argon, Stream and recycling methods employed for degasification of steel.
Special Steel :
(5)
Production of special steel viz. stainless, interstitial free steel, Tool steels, HSLA steels and Electrical steels etc.
Continuous casting of steels: (8)
Types of casters, technology involved, latest developments, Defects and remedial measures
BOOK:1. Electrometallurgy of Steel And Ferro Alloys Vol. I. F.P. Erineral REFERANCES: 1. Physical Chemistry of Iron and Steel Manufacturer C. Bodsworth
2. Production of Ferro Alloys A. Riss & Y. Khodorvosky
3. Making, Shaping & Treating of steel ASM Publishing, USA. Ed. 1990.
4. Electro Slag Technology B.I. Medover & G.A. Boyko, 1990 Ed.
5. Proceedings, Secondary Steel Technology Dr. S.R. Prabhakar, 1994 IIM, Pub. Calcutta.
Course Name : MATERIALS JOINING TECHNOLOGY
Course Code : MT 307
Credits : 4
Design points : 1
L T P : 3 0 2
Pre Req. : -
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
Classification and survey of welding processes : (5)
Arc Welding Process: Structure, characteristics, Efficiency and electrical characteristics of an arc. Type of welding arcs, methods of arc maintenance, role of electrode, polarity and arc stability
Arc welding power source, requirements for an arc welding power source : AC & DC welding power sources, rectified DC welding power source, high frequency units for arc control.
Arc welding consumables: (18)
Coated electrodes, fluxes, filler wires, shielding gases.(04)
Arc welding process: Shield metal arc (SMAW), submerged and (SAW), gas metal arc (GMAW) electroslag and electrogasWelding equipment, weld joint design, operations, techniques metal fusion and weld penetration, electrodes and their motion. Application of GMAW for welding low steels, structures.(06)
Welding of Aluminium in automotive, of aeronautical and nuclear Industry (04)
Weldability, Heart Affected Zone in Arc and Gas Welding, Cold Welding and explosive welding(04)
Gas weldinG (4)
Resistance Welding Processes (10)
Basic principle and welding variables and electrodes use, joint design. Applications, Metal transfer, modes of metal transfer, parameters affecting it and weld characteristics. Other welding processes viz. solid state welding processes, electron beam and laser welding, joint designs, variables, applications (04)
ALLIED PROCESS viz. Soldering brazing, braze welding, metal surfacing and spraying introduction, selection of a surfacing process, materials of substrate like, low alloy steels, plain ‘C’ steels with C-0.45%, classification & characteristics of surfacing materials- iron base, Ni-base, cobalt-base, copper base alloys, carbides of Tungsten chrominium, surfacing techniques
Metal spraying & materials for spraying & substrate, ceramic coatings, composite coating, techniques used, Application (06)
IS codes and specifications for welding materials & practices (3)
Principle involved and Adhesives employed for joining of metals and nonferrous materials. Factors effecting strength of joints made and other variable effecting heir specific applications
BOOKS:
1. R.S. Parmar : Welding Processes and Technology,
REFERENCES:
1. Welding Technology, Cambridge, Davis
2. Electroslag welding and surfacing, Paton, B.E. (Editor)
3. Welding I (1986) : Skills and Technology, Smith, Dave
4. Metal cutting, Trent, E.M.
5. Solders and Soldering, H.H. Manko (1979)
6. Brazing and Soldering , B. Nikalaev (1979)
LAB EXERCISE
1. Measuring of % age narrowing in root opening due to shrinkage of weld pool in Arc Welding.
2. Measuring of % age narrowing in root opening due to shrinkage of weld pool in Gas Welding.
3. Measuring of % age narrowing in root opening due to shrinkage of weld pool in Carbon Electrode Butt welding.
4. Studying the heat affected zone in Gas welding by metallographic techniques.
5. Elimination of HAZ by preheating & post heating.
6. Study of the effect of current.
7. Welding a piece having cracks/defects.
8. Soldering of Joints by self fluxing solders.
9. Brazing of a Joint by heating in a furnace.
Course Name : FOUNDRY TECHNOLOGY
Course Code : MT 308
Credits : 4
Design points : 0
L T P : 3 0 2
Pre Req. : -
RATIONALE:
This course is designed to make the students understand the basic principles of metal casting so that they are able to realize the founding as one of the most efficient, economic and effective method of quality mass production of metal parts
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
Introduction (3)
History of Metal Casting, Role of Gray Cast Iron in the Development of Foundry, Various processes of metal shaping vis a vis casting
Patterns (2)
Types allowances and functions
MOULDING PROCESS AND MATERIALS (5) Green Sand, Dry Sand, lost Wax, Die, Centrifugal, Shell, Hot
Box,
CO2 Process, No Bake, Rheocasting etc.
Molding sands (2) General properties, intredients, Testing, Greens sand Mold coating, Sand reclamation, Environmental problems
Cores and Core sands (4) Properties, Coremaking, Various processes, Finishing and cleaning, Setting, Chaplets, Knockouts, Core Sand/ Materials
Solidification of metals (4)
Solidification in sand molds, Various structures, Control of Structure, nucleation and growth, Inoculation of metal and modification, Control of Impurities and metal filtration
Pouring and feeding of castings (6)
Ladles, Gating systems, Types of Gates, Gating design, Risers- Shape and Size, location, Chills, Pouring rate
Cast Iron family (3)
Types and properties
Melting of Cast Iron (6)
Cupola Furnace, Coke bed, Melting rate and Melt temperature and Induction furnace
Defects in castings and their remedies (2)
Role of computers in foundry (2)
Grey Iron foundry (3) Metallurgy of Grey cast Iron (3)
BOOKS:
1. Heine, Loper and Rosenthal : Principles of metal casting
REFERENCES:
1. A.K Chakarabarti, Casting Technology and cast alloys.
2. P.L. Jain, Foundry Technology
- Taylor, Flemming and Wulff, Foundry Engg.
- P. Mukherjee, Foundry Engg.
- IIF Lecture notes
- R.B. Gupta, Foundry Engg.
- Bidulya, Steel Casting
Course Name : CERAMICS
Course Code : MT 309
Credits : 4
Design points : 1
L T P : 3 0 2
RATIONALE:
With the ever increasing application of ceramics for engineering application, the metallurgical engineer is required to have the knowledge about the structure, properties and applications of ceramics. The course has been designed to fulfill the requirement.
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
Characteristics of Ceramic solids. (10)Structure and Bonding in Ceramics , bonding in solids and discussion of potential energy vs separation curve; Grouping of ions and Pauling rules and how pauling rules determine structure. Critical Radius ratio and coordination number. Discussion of Structure of NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, CaF2, BaTiO3, Diamond and silicates.
Imperfections in Ceramics (4)
Point Defects:
Frenkel Disorder, Schottky Disorder, Defect Association and Electronic Structure, Nonstoichiometric Solids Line and Surface Defects eg Dislocations and Grain Boundaries. Glasses (Amorphous ceramics) Formation of Glasses (6)
Structure of Glasses, Properties and application of Glasses
Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of Ceramic materials. (10)
Free energy considerations and Gibb’s phase rule.
Phase diagrams of one and two component ceramic systems
Introduction to ternary phase diagrams specifically MgO-Al 2O3- SiO2 and information obtained from it.
Diffusion in Ceramics. Diffusion and Fick’s law.Diffusion as a thermally activated process.
Temperature and impurity dependence of Diffusion. Diffusion in Crystalline Oxides Nucleation and Growth
Properties of Ceramics (12)Thermal Properties: Thermal Conductivity and thermal expansion, Thermal shock and thermal Spalling Mechanical Properties: Strength, Elasticity and An elasticity, Creep of Ceramics Electrical Properties: Electrical Conduction and Ionic Conduction Electronic Conduction: Polarisation, Dielectric loss and Dielectric Breakdown of CeramicsMagnetic Properties: Para, Ferro, Antiferro and Ferrimagnetism. Magnetic Domain and Hysterisis curve Optical Properties: Refractive index, Dispersion, Opacity and translucency. Fiber Optics
Ceramics for Refractories (3)
Manufacturing and Development of Ceramic Components
BOOKS:
1. Kingery, Bowen and Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, John Wiley and Sons.
REFERENCES:
- F.A. Hummel, Introduction to Phase Equilibria in Ceramic systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984
- L. Pauling, The nature of Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Itacha NY 1960
- L.L. Hench and J.K. West , Principles of electronic ceramics, Wiley Interscience, New York
LAB EXERCISE
- Preparation & study of common ceramics crystal structure.
- Preparation of Plaster mould.
- Slip preparation, Grinding, charging of materials.
- Testing of slip-viscosity, pH, Density.
- Slip casting.
- Drying, Shrinkage, Firing.
- Glaze preparation, Density and application.
- Glazing and Firing
Course Name : COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Course Code : MT 310
Credits : 4
Design points : 1
L T P : 3 0 2
Pre Req : -
RATIONALE
The composite materials are replacing the pure polymeric, metallic and ceramic materials for achieving the combination of properties. The course is to provide the knowledge on the structure, fabrication techmiques, properties and applications of PMC’s, MMC’s and CMC’s.
Lecture wise break-up No. of lectures
INTRODUCTION (4)
Definition of Composite Materials,Classification of Composite materials :
Based on Matrix,Based on FiberMATRICES (14)Role of matrix in a Composite Material,Polymer Matrices:
Classification of Polymer based on Thermal processing behaviour, Polymerisation mechanism and Polymer structuire; Manufacture of Polymers; Thermal behaviour of polymers and glass transition temperature,Metal Matrices,Ceramic Matrices
Comparison of polymer matrix, Metal matrix and Ceramic matrix composites
Fibres Role of fibres in composites,Carbon fibre, Glass fibre, Organic fibre; Their structure and properties. Manufacture of fibres,Comparison of fibres, Fibre Matrix
REINFORCEMENT (8)
Particle- reinforcement: Layer particle composites, dispersion strengthened composites.
Fiber – reinforcement: influence fibre length, fiber orientation and concentration, polymer phase.
INTERFACE (4)
Role of interface in the fibre matrix composite,Theories of adhesion,Glass- fibre matrix interface,Size and Coupling agent,
CHARACTERISATION OF COMPOSITES (10)
Volume fraction, weight fraction, fibre length distribution , fibre orientation distribution and its role in determination of properties, Voids, Woven structure of fibres and its effect on properties of Composites, Properties of Composites
Elastic Properties, Fatigue Properties, Fracture of Composites, Notch sensitivitity of Composites,
Laminates
Elastic properties if Unidirectional Laminate, Cross ply laminate, Angle ply laminates.
SHORT FIBER COMPOSITE MATERIALS. (2)
Introduction, Short aligned fibres, Inplane random fibers.
ADVANCE and NANO composites: A few case studies on composites (2)
BOOKS:
1. An introduction to composite materials, Derek Hull, Cambridge University Press
REFERENCES:
- Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Products and Process Engineering by Sanjay K. Mazumdar CRC Press.
- Composite Materials: Engineering and Science, by F. L. Matthews, R. D. Rawlings CRC Press
LAB EXERCISE
- Development of various Polymer matrix composites and study the effect of development parameters on the characteristics of PMC’s.
- Fabrication of various Metal matrix composites and study the effect of development parameters on the characteristics of MMC’s.
- Fabrication of various Ceramic matrix composites and study the effect of development parameters on the characteristics of CMC’s.
- Effect of shape, size and distribution of reinforcement on the physical and other characteristics of composites.
- Effect of volume content of reinforcement
Course Name : METALLURGY AND HEAT TREATMENT
Course Code : MT 311
Credit : 4
L T P : 4 0 0
Pre-req. : ---
Lecture wise breakup No. of Lectures
Foundation: History and art of Heat Treatment, Heat treatment introduction, Science of Heat treatment
Iron, Iron-Carbon Equilibrium diagram, Classification and application of carbon steels, Steel specifications
Functions of alloying elements, Diffusion (02)
Heating of steel: Principles of heating methods of metals and alloys, oxidation and decarburization, types of furnace atmosphere (02)
Formation of austenite, Importance of grain size, Measurement of grain size, abnormal steels (01)
Basic principles involved in the heat treatment of plain carbon steels, alloy steels, cast iron, non-ferrous metals and alloy. (04)
Heat Treatment - general, Principles and application of annealing, normalizing, Hardening and Tempering, etc
(03)
Harden ability: Significance, measurement and variables affecting it, its determination. (03)
Surface hardening: Principles involved in induction and flame hardening methods and applicationof selectivehardening, case carburisation (solid, liquid and gaseous) cyaniding, nitriding, carbonitriding etc. Depth ofpenetration, its measurement and relation with time and temperature. (12)
Heat treatment furnace: Classification, Their temperature and atmosphere control. (05)
Evaluation of quenching media. (02)
Special methods of heat treatment martempering, austempering deep-freezing. Finishing after heat treatment. Tempering (04)
Hardening of stainless steel and non-ferrous alloys- Aluminium, Magnesium, Titanium, copper and nickel and its alloy (10)
BOOK:
1. Vijendra Singh: Heat Treatment of Metals
RFERENCES:
1. R.C. Sharma : Heat Treatment of Metals,
2. C. Smith : Alloy series in Physical Metallurgy
3. Zakharov : Heat Treatment of Metals
4. Read Hill : Physical Metallurgy Principles
5 Lakhtin : Physical Engineering Metallurgy,
6. Bullens : Heat Treatment of Steel Vol. I to IV,
7. Prabhudeva : Heat Treatment of Metals, McGraw Hill, Course Name : FAILURE ANALYSIS
Course Code : MT 312
Credit : 4
L T P : 4 0 0
Pre-req. : ---
Lecture wise breakup No. of Lectures
METAL FAILURE (2)
Basic reasons, various types.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF METAL DEFORMATION (8)
Introduction to crystal geometry, deformation, Basic models of deformation, resolved shear stress, relations of slip to crystal structures, critical resolved shear stress
FAILURES IN METALS (10)
Type of fracture, Theoretical cohesive shear strength, Griffith theory, Objection to Griffith theory, Nucleation of crack- different models, propagation of cracks, effect of grain size on brittle fracture, intergranular brittle fracture, effect of inclusion, temperature on brittle fracrture, fracture toughness.
TECHNIQUES OF FAILURE ANALYSIS (10)
Destructive and nondestructive testing, macro and micro examination, TEM, SEM, X-Ray Diffraction techniques.
FAILURE MODES (5)
Failure by fatigue, creep, fretting creep, oxidation impact, wear, corrosion, case studies.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (5)
A strong link to failure analysis, Quality control concepts, Quality assurance
BOOKS:
1. Metal Fracture- P F. Temson, Paragon Press
2. Plastic Deformation and Fracture of Materials- H. Mugaraei, V.C.M. Publish. Weinheim
3. Non Destructive Evaluation and Quality Assurance- Baldev Raj & Sreenivasan, Interline Pub. Co. Bangalore
4. Metals Handbook- Testing of Metals Course Name : TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Course Code : MT 313
Credit : 4
L T P : 4 0 0
pre-req. : ---
Lecture wise breakup No of Lectures
Issue in quality definition, dimensions of quality and evolution till T.Q.M. applications & examples in Metallurgical section.
Failure prevention, appraisal and costs of quality, significance of tools and techniques of continuous improvement. Implementation of Taguchi, Deming Juran, Crossby and Kaizen. Quality function deployment and strategies based upon case studies. Statistical process control, binomiam models, poisson chart, P chart, C chart, Variable control charts etc. Process capability, potential capability and actual capability. Maintenance of metallurgical equipment for quality and TPM, Total Productive Maintenance .
Quality system structure, systems and procedures, certification lasting registration and accreditation quality manual need significance and development. Benefits of ISO 9000. ISO 9000 structure and evolution. QS-9000 as applied to automobile components & castings Quality assessment.
Impact on society (01), Eco-friendly quality systems, life cycle assessment. ISO 1400 series and ISO 14040 standards
BOOKS:
1. Managing for Total Quality, N. Logothetis
REFERENCES:
1. Quality Planning and Analysed Tata, McGraw Hill ,Iman & Gryna
2. Quality Management handbook, K.K. Anand
3. Total Quality Management for Engineers,M. Zairi
4. Bank Essence of Total Quality Management, Prentice Hall
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